The Development of Quantized Energy Definition Chemistry

The Development of Quantized Energy Definition ChemistryQuantized energy is a very important aspect of scientific discovery and a major element in the scientific study of the natural world. Without electricity we would not be able to accomplish any work whatsoever and therefore there has been a lot of research and work done on this subject. Some of the developments include:Definition chemistry - definition chemistry is the most basic component of all areas of chemical sciences and thus represents the most fundamental concepts regarding the study of matter. The study of this type of science involves the definition of what is, how it works, and how we can control the operation of the substances that are defined in terms of their characteristics. There are many different methods that are used in this field such as Spectroscopy, Ionization, Photochemistry, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.Quantum physics - this science is often thought of as the study of how quantum particles behave and al so the processes which bring about a change in its characteristic such as vibration or interference. This science is so fundamental to the understanding of the world around us that it cannot be understood without first understanding quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics involves the study of the interaction between particles and processes, and how they relate to each other in a physical sense.The study of thermodynamics and the large scale theories involved is still incomplete and therefore the actual understanding of the laws of thermodynamics is still being pursued. The laws of thermodynamics involve how heat is transferred from one substance to another, and how the rate at which these processes occur is determined.Electromagnetism - the study of the properties of electric charges and the energy which are contained within the atoms which make up the particles of matter. This is the basis for the use of voltages and how they are measured. Different materials are given a value for th e voltage according to the kind of charge they contain.Quantumelectrodynamics is the study of atoms and molecules, and this is the study which involve magnetism and electrostatics. The properties of the charge distribution and motion are measured. It is also the basis for the analysis of radiation and thermodynamics.Mass transfer energy - this is the science which studies the properties of magnetic fields, and the properties of this force which is inherent in moving charges and atoms. It is also the study, which involves the measurement of forces of attraction and repulsion. Electromagnetic force is the basis for the study of electromagnetic energy and electron transfer energy.These are just some of the various types of sciences which have been developed in relation to the use of electricity, and are the means by which we were able to attain the marvel of this powerful source of energy. We must continue our research to discover new types of information and discoveries that will aid the ways in which we survive and prosper in the coming years. A product of good science is of the utmost importance in these times of great demands and pressures.

How To Expand Your Part-Time Job Search Beyond The Corporate World

How To Expand Your Part-Time Job Search Beyond The Corporate World pexels.com   Check Out Local Institutions No matter where you live or where you want to move, there are a few institutions that basically every community possesses. And unless you check you will not know if they are hiring. There are museums, theaters, libraries and more. You do not need to check out the huge city and state-run organizations but check out non-profit organizations that appeal to you. The same jobs that corporations are looking to fill, these little organizations also offer the same jobs. Do accounting or book keeping? Have office experience? These organizations require employees with the same skills, just set towards a different goal. Working for a smaller organization might even be more fulfilling if you care about the mission and the work that the organization does. They might not have job listings on their website or have postings on job boards like big corporate companies. You will probably need to do some leg work and scope the places out for yourself to see if they are hiring or even interested in creating a new position. You can network and volunteer to make yourself known and useful. It might take a little bit more work to find a part-time job and apply for it at one of these local institutions but, for you, it might be a lot more fulfilling in the long run. Connect Via Your Religious Institution If you are religious, or even if you are not, there are lots of religious institutions anywhere that you go. Use this as a hook-up to find a job that is more interesting and appealing to you. They can offer many other jobs besides one that is religious in nature. Every organization is, at its core, a business and the same technical positions need to be filled at every one. If that religious institution does not have any open jobs, they might be able to connect you to other religious institutions in the area that do. You can also connect with congregants, many of which might be affiliated with the same kinds of organizations that you want to work for. There are federations and other forms of groups that you can find interesting work with. pexels.com Discover Local Businesses There are plenty of businesses where you live that are not corporate organizations as well and they are often looking for hard working employees with a different kind of outlook on life, one that is not compatible with working in a corporate setting. They could be the perfect fit for you â€" you just need to go seek them out. Art galleries, little bakeries, and boutique shops are just a few examples. They might have smaller staffs and be less public with their job postings as well because they want to be more selective. Working at a small, local business is definitely different than working in a corporate setting. At a corporate organization, you can be just a small fish in a big pond where you will not know that many people (especially those outside your department). But at a local organization, everyone knows everyone and you are all working together. They are looking for just the right person to complement the work environment and family that they have already established. Community Culture Job Boards Another great place to branch out in your search for a part-time job out of the corporate world is the job boards of the local council of culture and arts. Most towns and cities have one, though you will need to check how active yours is. But they often list exclusive job postings for local arts and culture organizations so if you check there, you might get an inside scoop on open jobs at the kinds of places that are not corporate and that you might be interested in working at. They often send out newsletters which you can sign up for or post about the job openings on their Facebook page, if they have one, as well that you can follow to stay up to date.

The Various Areas of Gamma Chemistry

The Various Areas of Gamma ChemistryGamma chemistry is the application of science and technology that engages researchers in a multitude of disciplines. It's a broad term encompassing all the areas of scientific research, including biological, physical, environmental, earth and space sciences. It's used to describe a wide range of research projects within this field, ranging from new ideas to experimental and theoretical studies.The main goal of such research is to find solutions to problems that can be applied in the real world. For example, scientists have studied cancer and other diseases, explored climate change, and investigated how matter interacts with gravity and magnetism. Scientific research helps scientists to build bridges to other fields and explores the workings of nature and the universe. Thus, they are also able to unlock its secrets for the benefit of mankind.You need to understand that gamma chemistry involves the study of atoms, molecules, protons, neutrons, electr ons, nuclei, atoms, electrons, atoms, nuclei, and their interactions. The outcomes of the research depend on the methodology employed, the data collected, and the experimental techniques used. They involve different experiments such as spectroscopy, radiation absorption, ionizing, pulsed-field, electronic force microscopy, and electrospray ionization.Gamma chemistry is one of the most advanced branches of science. Scientific research is widely undertaken in areas such as gas chemistry, plasma physics, materials physics, condensed matter physics, cell biology, enzyme reactions, and many more. Alpha, beta, gamma, and delta experiments are conducted in such areas to study the various properties of gases, liquids, solids, and alloys. It has also made its mark in particle physics, radioactivity, atom and molecular spectroscopy, and many other branches of science.It is very much active in the field of applied research as well, where it is observed to have a lot of practical applications i n the field of medicine, health care, and social sciences. Besides, it is often seen in engineering areas, and in the fields of electronics, photonics, electronics, electronics, and semiconductor and electronic engineering. Gamma chemistry is also applicable in areas such as computing and computer science, design and robotics, computer systems, and software engineering.Gamma chemistry is one of the most exciting fields today. It's so interesting because of the number of unique properties it possesses and the applications it can do in the field of technology.It was only after a couple of decades that scientists have begun to realize the tremendous potential of this discipline. Now that scientists are more aware of the importance of gamma chemistry, they are also working together with other disciplines to help improve it.

Student Tutor Reviews

Student Tutor ReviewsStudent tutor reviews are really good source of information on different students. They provide information on the tutor's qualifications, experience, areas of specialization and his or her objectives. But there are some factors which will be important for you to consider before you get a student to help you with your university's coursework.In most cases the first person that you will contact when you require help in your studies is the tutor. You need to be sure that the person you select is a well-experienced tutor. You need to consider that he or she has many years of experience in various types of courses, which include psychology, English and chemistry, for example. The professional person you pick should also have an excellent reputation, which can be verified by a thorough reading of the student's student profile.Professional student tutor reviews are sometimes available online. These reviews help you determine if the person you are about to hire has been endorsed by numerous organizations. The following testimonials will help you decide if the candidate is credible. Some other things that will be important for you to consider before hiring a student teacher is whether the person you have chosen would be satisfied with your service, as well as how much he or she would be willing to pay for their services.There are other sources which you may use to find out the truth of the matter. You may consult with fellow students who have had their own experiences with the person you are about to hire. You may also check out the company's websites and make a review of the website as well.After finding a student teacher you can consider the various sources you have used to get a good knowledge about him or her. Most importantly, you should compare the features of the individual from the one you find in different student tutors reviews to help you decide.You should be able to confirm that the person you have selected for your course work is relia ble. It is also important that the tutor you choose has already been taught by the person he or she is providing you help with. So make sure that you have also gotten any feedback regarding the quality of services that they have provided to their previous students.The main thing that you need to remember about student tutor reviews is that you must check out all the facts before you select any student to help you with your studies. You need to compare them against other student tutors to get a comprehensive idea of each one. Make sure that you get the genuine tips that you need to find a good tutor for your course work.

Getting Straight A Via Assignment Help Companies Is Possible Today

Getting Straight A Via Assignment Help Companies Is Possible Today In today’s complicated educational scenario, seeking help for assignment writing is a very common phenomenon and majority of students finds it comfortable and cheap to avail assignment help online. This has given rise to lots of assignment help companies in tutoring field with their manifold advantages and benefits for students. Gaining help for assignments in subjects from kindergarten to college and university level has become possible through online medium that utilizes tech tools for its support. In such a scenario, students find online assignment help cheap and best. @TutorPace Offers 10% Discount on Online #Assignment Help for Improved Grades http://t.co/P1NO7BttIg #backtoschool pic.twitter.com/vJs9iihJwU â€" Tutor Pace (@TutorPace) September 10, 2015 Rise of assignment help companies Assignment help companies are found in plenty today due to the comfort they lend to students in accessing help for their assignments. They provide tutors who are experts in writing assignments with their excellent knowledge in the subjects they undertake to write. All these tutors are Masters or holders of PhD and thus provide well researched information on the topics given and do maximum justice to the work undertaken by them. They provide write ups which stick to the requirements stated and the deadlines specified.   These online writers showcase their excellent writing style, unique content in grammar free language and thus are able to raise students’ scores to a straight ‘A’ with their assignment writing. It is very easy to access the services of these companies as students can contact the tutors through video chat or voice chat or mail their requirements and get express deliveries of their assignments in return. http://t.co/e90nqomA5u Launches Revolutionary #Assignment Help http://t.co/c6Hbt3pNk3 pic.twitter.com/k8EDC1Rhh8 â€" Tutor Pace (@TutorPace) September 14, 2015 How cheap assignment help is also best? It is time flexibility and availing expert help for writing assignments that has made online help for assignment famous, acceptable and commendable. Students with their smart phones and other technological devices are able to access help for their assignment tasks from any corner of the world at any time without sacrificing their time. You can access cheap assignment help from a running train or coffee café or any other place. The assignment tutors are ready to help you, make their support for you and bring out write ups that are error free and devoid of plagiarism. All these you get within very affordable rates and thus you gain best for what you pay which is less. Why Business Management assignment help is a necessary one? Some theory based subjects like Business Management are difficult to handle when you sit with your assignment tasks in them. It is because you find the topics vast and intricate in such subjects. Business Management deals with running a company in terms of marketing, planning, leading, monitoring and controlling. No need to say how one has to research the material for assignment topics in the subject and how wonderful and easy it would turn out to be if one can access Business Management assignment help from expect helpers in the field. Get Quality #Math #Assignment Help From Online Math Tutor http://t.co/ZF5TqH9x9t #mathhelp pic.twitter.com/fSFAXXWaZc â€" Tutor Pace (@TutorPace) September 14, 2015 Areas like market forecasting, human resource management, factor pricing or case studies could be taxing for students in the subject of Business Management and expert writers in the subject drive away the anxiety of students with their perfect write ups. Students also can discuss with the tutors who are highly qualified with experience in the subject and can handle various topics thrown to them with competence and offer suitable solutions for the doubts and queries of students. Do You need Instant Online Assignment Help? from Tutor Pace Conclusion Assignment is an integral part of learning and it cannot be dispensed with. Doing it all alone is not advisable as educational process is getting complicated day by day. Seeking assignment help from online tutors who are qualified and experienced to handle your topics is the cheapest and easiest way to score high in your assignment tasks.

Should You Get Japanese Tattoos

Should You Get Japanese Tattoos Pros and Cons of Getting a Tattoo in Japan ChaptersTraditional Japanese Tattoos: Ancestral Practices and Recent TabooTattoos: a Real Art FormA Decision for LifeFind Inspiration in the Land of the Rising SunTattoo culture has always been more popular in the U.K. than in other European countries. That has probably something to do with the fact that Great Britain, being an island, is a nation of sailors.It is a well know fact that even King George V, while only Duke of York and serving on the HMS Bacchante, got himself tattooed on a stopover in Japan, just before meeting the Japanese Emperor and Emperess. The royal tattoo trend was started by George V's father, Edward VII, when he visited Jerusalem and had a cross tattooed on his arm.Following the example of the Royal family, many noble Englishmen, Army and Navy officers and even soldiers were encouraged to get one.It is not surprising that today, one in every five Briton is inked, going up to one in three young adults being tattooed.While having a tattoo in the U.K. is pretty s tandard, it is still frowned upon in Japan despite being a part of ancient folklore.The question is: should you get one?Prime Minister of Canada Justin Trudeau boxing, in New York, NY and showing his traditional Haida tattoo.(Broadimage/REX/Shutterstock/CP)Overall this kind of tattoo can quickly reach more than 1 million yens ( £7500). A big investment!Yakuza parading during a festival in Tokyo and showing their traditional full body tattoos.Find Inspiration in the Land of the Rising SunFor this price tag and the lifetime commitment that such a tattoo involves, better be sure of the design in the first place.A visit to the Horiyoshi Tattoo Museum might give you some ideas.The design is one thing, you actually might want to choose where you want to get inked first. The position of the tattoo on your body will probably influence the size, style and esthetic of your dream tattoo.You will also have to decide if you want your tattoo to just be artistic and decorative or to carry a symbol ic meaning. Many symbols in Japan have a specific meaning.The Phoenix  will symbolise rebirth and triumph, a Japanese dragon tattoo will represent wisdom and strength while the tiger will protect against evil spirits and diseases.Kanji characters are also very popular as a tattoo but make sure to ask your tattoo artist to check the meaning for you.Even if you're looking at getting a traditional Japanese tattoo, feel free to include other styles of tattoo in your design. Japanese tattooers are very creative and are always looking to do their best to design a tattoo that will be perfect for you.Tip: politeness is essential everywhere in the world but even more in Japan. When talking to a Japanese tattoo artist foreigners should remember to be very polite and humble, that will go a long way especially if you are looking for a big tattoo (you will have to spend a lot of time with the artist).One of the best ways to find inspiration is to scroll down the Japanese tattoo shops' Instagram account. You will see all their work on there and often will have other tattooer commenting.If you are looking for a traditional Japanese tattoo design or something more new school make sure you're sure it is perfect. No going back!There's much to learn about Japanese Culture,  Japanese Literature  with our further guides.Don't get a tattoo you'll regret... learn japanese online  or take japanese lessons london! It's not difficult, just search 'japanese lessons near me'.

15 French Idioms Funny Phrases (+ What They Really Mean)

15 French Idioms Funny Phrases (+ What They Really Mean) Megan L. Just like in English, there are a lot of French idioms and phrases that dont quite translate. Some are fairly easy to figure out (for example, someone who drinks like a hole, is drinking a great deal). Others are less obvious, especially when you are just starting to learn French. Here are some of the strangest French idioms and phrases youre likely to come across in an otherwise normal conversation. 15 French Idioms Funny Phrases 1. Coup de  foudre Only in French is it a good thing to be hit by a strike of lightning it means love at first sight, which is known to have some of the same symptoms, though you can usually tell them apart! 2. Avoir  le  cafard While having a cockroach is certainly not most peoples idea of a good time, this phrase goes a little further than that. It means to be downright depressed. 3. Avoir  une  peur  bleue Some French idioms simply dont make sense. Being ordinarily frightened is just avoir peur, but when you need to express serious pop-quiz-level terror, you have a blue fear in French. 4. Avoir  un  poil  dans  la main To have a hair in ones hand means to be very lazy, as if you do so little with your hands that hair could start growing from the palm. 5. Donner la  langue  au chat If you give your tongue to the cat when presented with a riddle or other tricky question, youve given up and admitted defeat. What the cat does with it then is anybodys guess. 6. Être  sorti  de  lauberge Where English-speakers say out of the woods to mean having handled your problems, French-speakers say out of the inn. Are the inns in France really so bad that the woods are preferable? 7. Faire la  tête Literally to make the head, this phrase means to pout. It can be a slightly cute or affectionate way of asking if someones upset with you. 8. La fin des  haricots When something is the end of the beans, its the equivalent of saying the last straw. Either way, the frustrated person might say the next phrase on this list of French idioms RELATED VIDEO: Must-Know French Slang Words Phrases 9. La  moutarde  me  monte  au  nez Mustard rising to your nose means that youre getting angry, as a result making a face like someone whos just eaten strong mustard. Steam coming out of your ears is optional. 10. Les  carrottes  sont  cuites In English, your goose is cooked when youre done for; in French, its carrots. In either case, you cant take it back now. 11. Les  doigts  dans  le  nez This is one of the funniest phrases on this list of French idioms. If somethings so easy you could do it with your fingers in your nose, you could probably also do it with one hand behind your back, possibly even both at once! 12. Mettre  son grain de  sel Someone who insists on putting in their grain of salt cant let a topic go without offering their opinion, whether its asked for or not. 13. Poser un lapin If youve been left a rabbit, that means youve been stood up for a date or meeting. If it helps, the connection between rabbits and poor date etiquette isnt clear in French either. 14. Sauter  du cog  Ã   lâne Literally to jump from rooster to donkey, this phrase means jumping from topic to an unrelated topic. Cruelty to barn animals is not necessary. 15. More French Idioms and Sayings! Cant get enough? Check out the video below for even more funny French idioms and expressions. Want to learn more French idioms and work on your language learning skills? Taking private lessons with a French tutor is the best way to improve your skills and reach your goals. Study with a tutor in-person or take online lessons. Find your French tutor today! Interested in Private Lessons? Search thousands of teachers for local and live, online lessons. Sign up for convenient, affordable private lessons today! Search for Your Teacher

How to Score a 5 on the AP World History Exam

How to Score a 5 on the AP World History Exam Sign up successful 2. Know the World Map In order to get a solid grasp on the material you’re learning, you should first become familiar with the world map. Pay special attention to places that have changed over time. For example, “Mexico” used to be called “New Spain” and “East Pakistan” is now “Bangladesh.” I’ve seen plenty of students confused because, not realizing the territory has been renamed, they can’t find New Spain on the map! To make sure you have a good geographical foundation, practice drawing the world map a few times (or at least filling in a pre-drawn but blank world map). Make it a contest with fellow classmates or friends to spice up this activity. Also, there are plenty of online sites to test your “map and geography knowledge.” (Try Lizard Point Geography Quizzes.) 3. Make A Timeline Many teachers will tell you “dates aren’t that important for the exam.” In essence, I agree with this statement, especially the farther back in history you go. However, it’s important to know the general chronology of historical events. Here’s why: The AP World History Exam places emphasis on global interactions and change-over-time (there is actually a “Change-Over-Time” essay), both of which require having a reasonable idea of when things occur (not necessarily dates) and what else is going on in the world simultaneously. This emphasis makes sense: People, countries, and continents are not isolated. They may exist separately but they fluctuate together, constantly evolving. So, to really understand “time,” I suggest a timeline. Now, because so much happens in our world’s history, it’s important to have a big timeline. If there’s room in your house, put up a roll of paper from one of the wall to the other. Then you can make a line and label events as you go t hrough the world history course. Make it interactive by drawing pictures to go with significant events. If you don’t have room in your house, you can go online. I recommend Prezi.com (or a similar site with a wide open canvas that you can zoom around on, add information, and upload pictures and video). 4. Supplement Your Reading If you’re taking a class, you will almost undoubtedly be working with a history textbook. However, words on a page often have trouble sticking in our brains by themselves. What you need to do is find movies and short videos (use Youtube) that you can watch after you’ve read about an event. Then go back to the textual information and reread it, checking to see if the way you imagined the event matched up with what you saw. This helps you more than you realize. By combining reading and watching, you’re first creating an original virtual reality experience, then comparing that with the media you’re viewing, and then, during the second read through, you’re analyzing the differences. This process interweaves many facets of your brain enabling strong recall and memory with the information you’re learning. Yes, it may take a little extra time to read, watch, and then reread information on one particular concept. You definitely don’t want to do this with every significant event. To start, I recommend choosing 10 important events (spaced out over our historical timeline) that interest you. How do you choose the events? If you have an AP Review Book, they will have an “important events” list at the end of each unit, which are generally separated by time periods. Otherwise, go online, type in “AP World History Important Dates,” and choose some from a list that comes up. If you’re stuck, here’s a good starter list (but remember there are so many to choose from): 2000 Judaism begins w/Abraham 1320-1340 Spread of Bubonic Plague 1029-258 Zhou Dynasty 470-430 Golden Age of Athens 610 Rise of Islam 1492 Columbus expedition 1600-1690 Scientific Revolution 1770 Beginning of Industrial Revolution 1948 Creation of Israel 1959 Cuban Revolution Don’t forget to put all the events you spend extra time with onto your timeline. Finally, remember that world history is just one, long, ongoing story about the human race. Try to put yourself in the shoes of those you read about and recognize that understanding the concepts is far more important than knowing exact dates. Learning specific study skills for this type of memorization can be easily achieved with a tutor, so check out TakeLesson’s selection of experienced world history tutors for additional help. For more information about the test, visit The College Boards website. Tali H. tutors in various academic subjects in Olympia, WA, as well as through online lessons. Since 2010, she has worked with  numerous students in elementary, middle, high school, and college in both group settings and one-on-one. Learn more about Tali here!   Interested in Private Lessons? Search thousands of teachers for local and live, online lessons. Sign up for convenient, affordable private lessons today! Search for Your Teacher Photo  by  KarandeepSingh

What is Diplomatic History

What is Diplomatic History The History of Diplomacy ChaptersOf Marriages and MergersDiplomacy Through Gift ExchangesTreaties: the Bureaucracy of PeaceFeudal Diplomacy: the Game of ObligationAlliances and ConsequencesMutually Assured DestructionOf the many aspects of political history, diplomatic history focuses on the relations between political entities that don’t involve pointy objects or guns. Generally, the role of diplomacy is the avoidance of conflict and the safeguarding of boundaries by securing allies.We tend to think of diplomacy in terms of men in grey suits discussing foreign policy, but often forget that international relations are not merely a thing of the twentieth century. Here are a few of the many ways diplomatic relations have influenced global history. MarkHistory Teacher 5.00 (3) £25/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors JohnHistory Teacher 5.00 (8) £30/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors MarjotteHistory Teacher 5.00 (4) £35/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ErinHistory Teacher £15/h1st les son free!Discover all our tutors ChantelleHistory Teacher 5.00 (2) £17/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors AndriyHistory Teacher £25/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors PeterHistory Teacher £40/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors SerenaHistory Teacher £15/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutorsOf Marriages and MergersOne of the sad truths of diplomatic history is that important women were frequently bartered as commodities. In monarchies, a royal woman was an important asset if you used her correctly.Royal hostagesIn the early Middle East and Ancient Egypt, alliances were cemented by marriages. With polygamy a common factor among ruling families, it was common to send a daughter to the court of your new ally as a bride. The family would get regular reports through their embassy - usually a single official envoy with an entourage - and she could be held as a hostage against the opposite number’s good behaviour.In China, the occupied territories would, for much of its history, provide daughters from influential families for the Emperor’s household as either wives or concubines in order to curry favour.In Christian Europe, polygamy was officially condemned, meaning that while the mistresses of European kings definitely had influence, they came from the local aristocracy and were pawns in internal affairs more than international ones. The fact that they only had one official consort made the choice of partner all the more important. All the European royal families vied for each other’s sons and daughters as means of forging alliances.Though the women had very little say in these matters, many of them used their charisma and sexuality to pursue their own goals and influence politics both internal and external. Among the many influential queens of European history, some of the most famous is Eleonore of Aquitaine, a French princess who married an English king and became the mother of Richard the Lionheart and John Lackland in the Medieval Period for England or Catherine de Medici   - an Italian noblewoman who became queen of France in the sixteenth century.Eleanore of Aquitaine came from a French kingdom and married an English king. She was the mother of Richard Lionheart and John Lackland. Photo credit: tnchanse on Foter.comMarrying into the familyAs an early chief seeking to expand your territory, you had several options for expanding your territory. You could take it by force of arms, of course. But if you were lucky, your neighbour lacked a male heir - in which case you could offer him one by marrying his daughter. The resulting children would rule over both kingdoms, thusEarly ivory labels from Ancient Egypt show diplomatic marriages between chiefdoms that helped expand a small territory in order to encompass a large part of the Nile valley - changing North African history forever.Diplomacy Through Gift ExchangesOf course, not only women were exchanged. Many societies practised elaborate gift exchanges to cement relationships with other groups. Ancient Egyptian diplomatic correspondence mention the elaborate gifts exchanged between Egypt and Mitanni, including horses, golden chalices, weapons and statues.Throughout social history, some societies present gifts to other chieftains or kings during elaborate feasts in the expectation that there would be a return ceremony in the future with gifts of equal or increasingly higher value. From the point of view of economic history, gift-giving could represent the main form of economic exchange between one nation and another.Most people in the Middle Ages never saw an elephant - except maybe in Charlemagne's menagerie. Photo credit: peacay on Foter.comEven in societies where gift-giving was not the main form of international relation, it remained usual for a long time for diplomatic envoys to bring gifts from their respective nations. This is how, for example, Charlemagne received an elephant from the Caliph of Baghdad. The gifts were meant to show appreciation for the high status of the receiver while flouting the wealth of the giver and presenting them as economies to be reckoned with.Read more about Ancient civilisation history. MarkHistory Teacher 5.00 (3) £25/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors JohnHistory Teacher 5.00 (8) £30/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors MarjotteHistory Teacher 5.00 (4) £35/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ErinHistory Teacher £15/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ChantelleHistory Teacher 5.00 (2) £17/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors AndriyHistory Teacher £25/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors PeterHistory Teacher £40/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors SerenaHistory Teacher £15/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutorsTreaties: the Bureaucracy of PeaceOf course, the rise of literacy means that there was eventually a desire arose to write down the exact conditions of treaties and other points of foreign affairs. The earliest surviving recorded peace treaty of modern civilization dates to about 1276 BC and gives a point-by-point list of all the articles of the bilateral agreement between the Egyptian Pharaoh Ramses II and Hittite ruler Hattusili III.The Hittite version of the Treaty of Kadesh. Photo credit: Steven Tan (maethlin) on Foter.comThe text has survived in both Hittite and Egyptian versions and includes articles devoted to mutual financial/humanitarian aid (put into effect about a generation later when Ramses’ son Merenptah sent grain to help stem a famine in the Hittite Empire) and extradition of political criminals fleeing to one or the other country. The continuing relations between the two kingdoms are also interesting for the history of medicine, as the Hittite king asked for help from Ramses’ court physicians.Since then peace treaties have encompassed a number of different postulations, have been signed between equal partners and peoples that had no idea what they were signing, were signed between two co nsenting parties and under duress. Peace treaties have actually promoted peace and cooperation between two countries, while others have resulted in more war.When peace treaties go wrongMany “peace treaties” between European nations and indigenous people in the seventeenth century stole their self-governance from native populations leading to their disenfranchising and the spread of poverty and infectious disease. In some cases, the treaties of European imperialism condemned the natives to little more than slavery.And at least one peace treaty in modern history led to a world war. After the submission of Germany at the end of the Great War, the various diplomatic corps that sent a delegation to the summit to draft the Treaty of Versailles imposed extremely heavy sanctions as well as arms control on Germany, feeling threatened by its influence on world affairs during the war. Economic history shows that the sanctions led to rampant inflation, paving the way for the strategic rise of nationalism and a power play by an intellectual elite bent on the subjugation of Europe through questionable ethics and the rise of the imperial German regime.Feudal Diplomacy: the Game of ObligationOne of the most fascinating and complicated means of keeping an equilibrium of power is the complicated web of feudal obligation that characterised much of the Middle Ages. In some cases, the borders of countries changed depending on the allegiance of feudal underlords.The idea was that a smaller lord would put himself under obligation to a feudal overlord. He would provide men and resources, and the overlord would use his greater resources - expanded by the men and taxes of his other underlords - to defend his underlords from threats and help them in times of need. Everything from economics to agricultural labour was somehow embroiled in the feudal system.Though we tend to think of Europe in relation to feudalism, but other cultures had similar systems. Photo credit: Okinawa Soba (Ro b) on Foter.comOver the centuries, feudal obligations were passed on from father to son and the feudal hierarchies became more rigid.Absolute monarchies arose that put most of the aristocracy on the same level underneath the king, and the complex give-and-take of international affairs under the feudal system gave rise to single powers who dealt directly with each other through means of embassies and variations on the foreign service - until the wave of revolution in the eighteenth and nineteenth century introduced democracy onto the diplomatic stage.Alliances and ConsequencesFrom another perspective, some wars started from diplomacy in an indirect way. Any historian will tell you what an odd cascade of circumstances started the Great War. It has occasionally been compared to a bar fight between pub buddies. The actual crisis seemed at first to be a matter between two nations - or at least, between the emerging Serbio-Yougoslav nationalists and Austria - Hungary.But after the wars of the nineteenth century, countries began forming alliances to promote peace and trade. Unfortunately, by the twentieth century, this system of alliances formed two main blocks in Europe. When the heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire was killed, their allies were drawn into the war, each of them bringing their own baggage and enemies, setting off a chain reaction of conflicts that would lead to one of the most gruesome wars in history - one in which even the Holy See took an interest. The Vatican tried in vain to initiate an attempt at negotiation between the international community.Delegates leaving after signing the treaty of Versailles. Photo credit: Archives New Zealand on Foter.comBut it wasn’t until the Vienna Convention in 1969 that an attempt was made to regulate the international law on treaties and provide rules as to how foreign relations should handle the breaking of them.Mutually Assured DestructionAny undergraduate of cultural history will tell you that possibly the mo st important war of the twentieth century was the one that never happened. The interesting thing about the Cold War was that a balance was achieved entirely without diplomacy, but instead with the constant threat of war between Russia / the communist nations and the US / the Western world. The threat of mutually assured nuclear destruction prevented all-out conflict for decades while making a contribution towards advancing technology at an astounding pace.However, true peace wasn’t achieved until the Cuban Missile Crisis forced the two factions to ignore criticism by their more strident members and re-establish lines of communication. Though the Cuban government under Cuban president Castro remained shut off and it only became possible to visit Cuba recently, the events of that day convinced both sides to actually sit down and talk. This is what gave the world a real hope for peace, proving the importance of negotiating versus simply having bigger guns.Read more about what studyin g History really is about.